Workability of a multiple-gateway airport system with a high-speed rail network

The surge in inbound tourists has caused severe congestion at the primary airport Japan and a few other Asian countries. Certain researchers have argued that integration of air high-speed rail (HSR) transport can be used to transfer passengers from congested noncongested airport. However, they considered an idealistic situation instead actual situation. Therefore, data must analyzed determine workable policy for establishing useful system with HSR. This study discusses practical policies maintaining air–HSR handle international based on Tokyo metropolitan area. We carry out scenario studies by applying bilevel model. consider three types gateway candidates fare support connecting services. In addition, we examine scenarios runway capacity expansion Haneda Airport (HND). results show application air–air services provide desired workability serve as substitute HND. compared HND, most carriers lose profits when secondary works appropriately.